(Microsoft Word - HW&AM-R9919)
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چکیده
g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n ( i n W U P P E R a n d M E I J E R , 1 9 9 7 a , b ) , w h i c h i s s u b s e q u e n t l y r e f i n e d a n d d e t a i l e d . T h i s l e a d s t o d e f i n i t i o n s o f a c o n s i s t e n t s e t o f n o t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o w h i c h i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s o f a r a t i o n a l d e s i g n p r o c e s s c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d , t o g e t h e r w i t h a c o n s i s t e n t t e r m i n o l o g y . I n o u r v i e w , a r a t i o n a l d e s i g n p r o c e s s i s u n d e r s t o o d a s a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f a d e s i g n a n d v e r i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s s u p p o r t e d b y f o r m a l m e t h o d s . O f c o u r s e , m o s t i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y s y s t e m s a r e a n d w i l l b e b u i l t w i t h o u t u s e o f f o r m a l m e t h o d s — o f t e n e v e n w i t h o u t w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T o c l a i m t h a t d a i l y p r a c t i c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y o u g h t t o b e o t h e r w i s e w o u l d b e u n r e a l i s t i c : f o r m a l c o r r e c t n e s s p r o o f s a r e d i f f i c u l t a n d e x p e n s i v e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , e a c h d e s i g n e r w h o i s c o n v i n c e d t h a t h i s m a c h i n e o r p r o g r a m d o e s w h a t i t i s s u p p o s e d t o d o h a s a c e r t a i n i n t u i t i o n t h a t s o m e t h i n g c o u l d b e p r o v e d i f n e c e s s a r y . O u r v i e w m i g h t h e l p t o m a k e t h a t i n t u i t i o n m o r e c o n s c i o u s a n d m o r e e x p l i c i t — w h i c h m a y l e a d t o a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s a n d t h e d e c i s i o n s t a k e n i n i t s c o u r s e . T h a t t h i s i s d e s i r a b l e h a s a l r e a d y b e e n e m p h a s i s e d b y P A R N A S a n d C L E M E N T S ( 1 9 8 6 ) . I n t h i s s e r i e s o f p a p e r s w e s e l d o m n e e d t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n s o f t w a r e a n d h a r d w a r e . S o f t w a r e m u c h l i k e h a r d w a r e s y s t e m s c o n s i s t o f p a r t s ( d e p e n d i n g o n t h e l e v e l c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e s e c a n b e m a c h i n e i n s t r u c t i o n s , t h e c o n s t r u c t s o f a p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e , l i b r a r y p r o c e d u r e s , m o d u l e s , o r w h o l e a p p l i c a t i o n s ) , w h i c h h a v e b e e n p u t t o g e t h e r t o a c h i e v e a c e r t a i n g o a l . I n m a n y c o m p l e x s y s t e m s s o m e p a r t s a r e r e a l i s e d b y s o f t w a r e a n d o t h e r s b y h a r d w a r e , b o t h h a v i n g b e e n d e s i g n e d t o g e t h e r , o r o n e o n t o p o f t h e o t h e r . A l s o , i t i s n o t u n c o m m o n t o r e p l a c e a h a r d w a r e p a r t i n a s y s t e m b y a p i e c e o f s o f t w a r e p r o v i d i n g t h e s a m e f u n c t i o n a l i t y .
منابع مشابه
Microsoft Word - 307527R2_PAP_09_17_15
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